Discovering the Things that Make Us Human: Evolution of the Brain :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Finding the Things that Make Us Human: Evolution of the Brain There is an incredible notion among numerous individuals that people are the most insightful and complex creatures on earth. Our capacity to utilize language is coordinated by no different species. It bodes well to expect that whichever qualities of the human mind arent controlled by different creatures, explicitly primates, our nearest developmental family members, are the ones liable for the securing, creation, and perception of language. As the generally new field of neuroscience creates, researchers are starting to examine the developmental connections of mind association and capacity with an end goal to comprehend the districts of the cerebrum liable for language, dynamic idea, and self-articulation. This control, known as Paleoneurology, looks at the improvement of the primate mind (1). Paleoneurology has its foundations in the fields of nervous system science, paleoanthropology, and primatology. There are two techniques utilized by Paleoneurologists to consider cerebrum develo pment: the assessment of fossil skulls and endocasts, and relative primate neuroanatomy (2). The investigation of the development of the cerebrum is valuable, since it takes into account a comprehension of the inceptions of the basic contrasts among people and different creatures - as a result, what makes us human. As indicated by the fossil record, the first mind structure showed up in quite a while around 500 million years back. The elements of this hindbrain included breathing, heart beat guideline, balance, essential engine developments, and scrounging abilities (1). A fascinating pattern with regards to mind advancement is that more developed species will in general safeguard the structures answerable for fundamental practices. At the end of the day, advancement is the way toward getting an ever increasing number of complex structures, not just the expansion of various structures. Consequently, the cutting edge human cerebrum contains the crude hindbrain locale, regularly called the protereptilin mind (1), and it is the seat of major homeostatic capacities. The significant structures found in this district of the mind are the Pons and Medulla. Around 250 million years after the presence of the hindbrain, another area known as the paleomammalian mind emerged. This area comprises of the hipp ocampus and cerebellum and is regularly alluded to as the limbic framework. As may be normal, this area is related with progressively complex capacities, for example, enthusiastic, sexual, and battling practices (1). The freshest and most complex region of the mind, the cerebrum, was first evolved around 200 million years prior. The exceptionally tangled surface of the cerebrum is known as the neocortex.

Public Speaking Free Essays

Include 1102-PUBLIC SPEAKING (ASSIGNMENT 1) ASSIGNMENT ONE PROPSAL â€FOR INFORMATIVE SPEECH ID-I07006815 Proposal For Speech on the Effects OF Holly Wood Movies On The Youths. I am going to give a discourse on the Effects of Holly Wood Movies on the Youths. My motivation of this discourse is to make young people far and wide aware of know the pessimism of observing Holly Wood films. We will compose a custom exposition test on Open Speaking or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now My age section I call the young in this introduction is from the age of 15 to the age of 25, 26 years of age adolescents These are a portion of the cynicism of observing Holly Wood Movies-* Violence This is one of the extremely significant cynicism of Holly Wood films, Violence scenes are appeared in Holly Wood motion pictures, encouraging the overall population of viciousness and the young people are for the most part the influenced ones for this situation, since they are as yet growing up, they can be effectively affected by these motion pictures case of motion pictures with rough substance are a. Scarface, Terminator arrangement, and so forth Most of these motion pictures contain scenes of murdering, hoodlum method of living, utilizing weapons, firearms, blades, for the most part when youthful grown-ups, adolescents see these motion pictures they will follow and impersonate their conduct, since they simply think its cool. Suggestion Most Holly Wood motion pictures have Erotic scenes, for example, exposed state and sex, numerous issues, for example, porno, coprology, canal’s and One-night love has risen and got common. Everyone realizes that it is an ethical backwardnes s of the general public. It additionally prompts the development of separation rate. This makes the littlest cell of the general public family unreliable, dislodged and fleeting. This influences the adolescent they watch these suggestive scenes and they see sexual scenes and as young people they need to attempt new things so they watch this films and attempt to do or act what they see on the motion pictures. This can prompt terrible ethics, and can prompt undesirable pregnancies, fetus removal and so forth * Unrealistic substance Holly wood films contain ridiculous substance, Hollywood is never going to show the open a genuine circumstance from scene one to the last scene; this would not be innovative, it would not sell, so they control the story line and characters to make things additionally intriguing in their mind. So to make benefit This influences the young people since they think life is that simple and fun fill and they follow what they find in these motion pictures * Shows negative behavior patterns (Smoking) In a 1999 review of in excess of 4,900 younger students matured nine to fifteen in Vermont and New Hampshire, the individuals who had been presented to more episodes of smoking in the movies they saw were significantly more liable to have taken a stab at smoking (considerably in the wake of altering for different components related with smoking and smoking inception or experimentation). The children were solicited which from 50 films from an arbitrarily picked rundown of ongoing motion pictures they had seen,and just 4. 9 percent of children who had seen zero to 50 rates of smoking in the motion pictures they had seen from that example had a go at smoking, contrasted with 13. percent who had seen 51 to 100 occurrences of smoking, 22. 1 percent who had seen 101 to 150, and 31. 3 percent who had seen more than 150. As it were, those with the heaviest presentation to smoking through the motion pictures they went to were more than over multiple times bound to have had a go at smoking tha n those with minimal introduction to smoking in films. End I think Holly Wood motion pictures are terrible impacts on the adolescents, thou it has great angles as well, similar to help individuals to discover somewhat more about History and furthermore can pick up information too in certain viewpoints. I recommend the chiefs and makers of these Holly Wood Movies should attempt to change the subject of there films and attempt to quit conveying an inappropriate message to the overall population or attempt to make severe limitations of certain motion pictures to some specific time of individuals films ought to be progressively exacting. For the most part decrease the sexual scenes, attempt to be progressively sensible and do whatever it takes not to send an inappropriate message over. Attempt limitations of certain films to some specific time of individuals. I figure this would assist with decreasing or help the adolescent and lessen this off-base messages sent. Much obliged to you. Step by step instructions to refer to Public Speaking, Papers Open Speaking Free Essays Layout FOR SPEAKING TO INFORM (SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS) NAME| ðÿ˜  ZULAIKHA BINTI AHMAD ABDULLAH| SUBJECT †SUBJECT CODE| ðÿ˜  PUBLIC SPEAKING †UBE 2023| SEMESTER| ðÿ˜  4. 0| SESSION| ðÿ˜  2012/2013(2)| KULLIYYAH| ðÿ˜  KULLIYYAH SYARIAH UNDANG-UNDANG| TITLE| ðÿ˜  HEALTHY AND ACTIVE LIFESTYLE| Program STRUCTURE/GROUP| ðÿ˜  ISMSY_SYA 7| OUTLINE FOR SPEAKING TO INFORM * Topic: Healthy and dynamic way of life. * General reason: To illuminate (discourse about ideas). We will compose a custom paper test on Open Speaking or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now * Specific reason: To educate my audient about sound and dynamic way of life. Focal thought: There are three different ways to be sound and dynamic way of life are take balance dinner, rest enough consistently and significance of activity to make human solid and progressively dynamic. Presentation I. The objective of my discourse is to illuminate you about solid and dynamic way of life . A large portion of us scarcely think solid and dynamic way of life is very significance yet do we in sound and dynamic way of life. The meaning of solid and dynamic way of life from oxford word references sound is in a decent physical or state of mind, dynamic significance connecting with or prepared to take part in truly fiery interests and way of life is the manner by which an individual lives. II. A solid way of life leaves you fit, fiery and diminished hazard for illness, in light of the decisions you make about your day by day propensities. III. Building up a solid way of life for kids as ahead of schedule as conceivable is significant, however it is never past the point where it is possible to make positive way of life changes. Great sustenance and a lot of physical movement can help forestall corpulence and diabetes in kids, also give a decent establishment to muscle and bone turn of events. Sound kids are increasingly caution and have more vitality. Sound ways of life for youngsters start with the family, guardians are good examples and exercises that families do together bigly affect kids. IV. Today I will acquaint you with three different ways to be sound and dynamic way of life are take balance feast, rest enough consistently and significance of activity to make human solid and progressively dynamic. (Progress: Let’s start by taking a gander at solid and dynamic way of life) Body I. Initially, one major advance to be sound is taking a take balance feast. A. A solid eating routine incorporates an assortment of nourishments from the different nutrition types. A solid eating regimen incorporates at any rate 4. 5 cups of products of the soil, 3 cups of dairy and 3 oz. of entire grains every day. Fish, poultry and veggie lover proteins ought to be eaten more frequently than red meat. Utilize unsaturated fats, for example, olive or safflower oil, more than soaked fats for cooking, dressing and heating. A sound eating regimen likewise confines handled and quick nourishments high in included sugars, sodium and Tran’s fats. * ?†¦.. ? ? , ? )Al-Araf: 31) Translation from Al-Quran:  eat and drink yet squander not by indulgence, absolutely He (Allah) likes not Al-Musrifunâ (those who squander by luxury). * We can allude the eating pyramided : B. A solid eating routine can decrease chance for infection. Following a sound, adjusted eating regimen can assist you with maintaining a solid weight, bring down your cholesterol and diminish your hazard for illness. Pick high fiber, lower fat nourishments and 5-10 servings of products of the soil each day. Offset your every day suppers with nourishments from the four nutrition types portrayed in Canada’s Food Guide t o Healthy Eating. * According to the most recent examination to explore whether diet can decrease cardiovascular failure andâ strokeâ among the individuals who are attempting to keep away from second or third occasions and are now taking drugs to control pulse andâ cholesterol. In the biggest ever of its sort, distributed in the journal Circulation, a gathering of worldwide analysts sayâ healthy eatingâ can have an additional valuable impact on the heart because of heart-ensuring prescriptions. â€Å"We urge everybody to practice good eating habits. However, particularly high-hazard patients, we need them to know: Take your drug, yet adjust your eating regimen as well,† says lead study creator Mahshid Dehghan, an analyst at the Population Health Research Institute in Hamilton, ON, in Canada, one of the focuses associated with the investigation. A few people imagine that if prescription brings down their circulatory strain, smart dieting doesn’t matter. We need them to realize this is wrong,† she says C. Drink enough water is significance. Water is your body’s head concoction part and makes up around 60 percent of your body weight. Each framework in your body relies upon water. For instance, water flushes poisons out of indis pensable organs, conveys supplements to your cells and gives a soggy situation to ear, nose and throat tissues. * Everyone has heard the counsel, â€Å"Drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day. † That is around 1. liters, which isn’t that not the same as the Institute of Medicine suggestions. In spite of the fact that the â€Å"8 by 8† principle isn’t upheld by hard proof, it stays famous on the grounds that it’s simple to recall. Simply remember that the standard ought to be reframed as: â€Å"Drink at any rate eight 8-ounce glasses of liquid a day,† on the grounds that all liquids check toward the every day all out. * Every day you lose water through your breath, sweat, pee and solid discharges. For your body to work appropriately, you should renew its water gracefully by devouring refreshments and nourishments that contain water. So what amount of liquid does the normal, sound grown-up living in a calm atmosphere need? The Institute of Medicine discovered that a satisfactory admission (AI) for men is around 3 liters (around 13 cups) of complete drinks a day. The AI for ladies is 2. 2 liters (around 9 cu

Buy a Brick for Christmas

Buy a Brick for Christmas When it comes to holiday gift-giving, The Minimalists always recommend gifting thoughtful consumables, experiences, and charitable donations instead of gift cards, neckties, and fruitcake. So, if your friends and family already have everything they need, would you consider buying them a brick this Christmas? What? A brick? Yesâ€"a brick! The Minimalists are helping Gem City Market build a not-for-profit grocery store in our hometown, Dayton, Ohio, which has one of the largest food deserts in the United States. Because Dayton is America’s second “hungriest” city, thousands of families don’t have access to what many of us take for granted every day: healthy food. But we can change thatâ€"one brick at a time. The average brick for this project costs one dollar (including labor), so every dollar you donate will effectively buy one brick and get us closer to our $100,000 goal. Since we have full faith in this project, The Minimalists are buying 25,000 bricks ourselves, and we need your help to raise the remaining funds by the end of the year. If you want to help, visit the donation page and buy a brickâ€"or several bricksâ€"for everyone on your Christmas list (the more bricks you buy for your family, the more families we’ll be able to feed for years to come). You can even add each of their names via the donation box. Then, print out the donation receipt, wrap it in a festive envelope, and give it to them on Christmas. Thank you for your support! There’s nothing more fulfilling than the gift of contribution. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Essay about Cultural Diversity Autobiography - 1907 Words

I would like to consider my cultural heritage as diverse, but this is far from reality. Over the years as I matured through my teenage years, I was exposed to different cultures by life experiences and travel. I struggled to create both a personal and cultural identity while trying to adjust to my sight loss and with the support of my family I traveled overseas to experience other cultures for the first time. My family opened up their home to a foreign exchange program in turn allowing me the opportunity to travel over to Europe at the age of 16 years old. This opportunity started the slow progression of experiences that would open my mind to others who are unlike myself, especially traveling to a strange place and feeling different in†¦show more content†¦His skilled laboring values influenced my father to work with his hands as a hobby, not as a vocation. My father seems to possess both the values of education and skilled work. On the other hand, my mother’s pa rents did not encourage higher education. My mother stated, â€Å"In the 1950’s and 60’s, women were not expected to attend college†. Although this was a strong value for society at that time, my mother encouraged education on her children. My mother’s talent in sewing and entrepreneurship from the family-owned hardware store influenced her to start a wedding apparel business. My paternal Irish heritage combined with my English/Native American maternal side generally includes small size families. The largest family size is 3 children on the paternal side and my immediate family comprises of a sister and myself. The general role of the family throughout the generations incorporate the male working outside of the home with the female working as the stay at home mother. My sister is married with 3 young children and changed her roles within the past 7 years as a working wife with no children to a nurse manager on sabbatical until her children start school. Her husband and their cultural heritage are much different than ours. They have a very large Irish family with 6 children and were brought up with a nanny while the parents worked long hours and engaged in social elite functions. My sister adjustedShow MoreRelatedWhy I Chose This Picture1187 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Dream. What began as a land of indigenous people has matured into a haven for cu ltural diversity. For the most part, these differences have strengthened the country. Nowhere else on Earth can a citizen enjoy French cuisine, partake in Chinese New Year festivities, and listen to live performances of Jamaican reggae all in the same day, in the same city. It is important to note, however, that this diversity is not without its flaws. Racial tensions still exist in modern America, despite considerableRead MoreReducing Workplace Discrimination Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesalso be related to the role of African American people in companies. It is very apparent when one contemplates the number of Black CEOs versus White leaders. Something is preventing them from reaching the top. Examples of this can be found in The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Hayley. Although many people believe racial discrimination is mostly a thing of the past, it is still prominent as an invisible barrier in one of the most prominent areas of life: the workplace. The term â€Å"glass ceiling†Read MoreSummary Of Maya Angelous I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1363 Words   |  6 Pagesnew minds and ideas separating from their ancestors’ â€Å"old-fashioned† ways of living and thinking. Maya Angelou expertly depicted this diversity of progressive thought in her first autobiography, which focused primarily on her childhood. 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Finding the new was important to a growing country in the earlyRead MoreThe Negative Impact of Bilangual Education1216 Words   |  5 PagesEng 150 October 27, 2010 The Negative Impact of Bilingual Education It is true that, fitting in and adapting to two different linguistic and cultural world can have lasting impacts on individuals, hence, Richard Rodriguez, in his book â€Å"Achievement of Desire†, addresses his struggles as a young boy, trying to adapt to a bilingual education and how that education alienated him from his uneducated Mexican parents. Additionally in the excerpts â€Å"How to Tame a Wild Tongue,† Gloria AnzalduaRead MoreCultural Exploration Of A Sightseeing Tour1707 Words   |  7 Pagesthe value of exploring and learning about different cultures, as each new culture I encounter teaches me to truly appreciate diversity. In this course, I had the opportunity to partake in a cultural exploration from the comfort of my home, and gain new perspectives from various readings, discussions, films. In addition, the course also encouraged me to step outside my â€Å"cultural comfort zone† through different exploratory projects. It would be difficult to explore the ever-expanding multitude of culturesRead MoreCultural competence can change personal perceptions and attitudes800 Words   |  4 PagesCultural competence can change personal perceptions and attitudes According to the NASW (2008), practitioners need to look beyond cultural variations, historic oppression and discrimination. They need to look outside of ethnicity, race, age, gender, ability, and sexual identity while being aware of sensitivity to cultural norms. Most of all, the NASW (2008), places the responsibility on the practitioner for self-awareness of their own biases. Furthermore, practitioners must have the skills to workRead MoreResearch On Academic Success And The Diversity1227 Words   |  5 PagesEDU 5531: Today’s Learner The objective of this course was to examine current research on academic success and the diversity in schools. I realized how encouraging academic and social growth stems from building relationships and creating a supportive environment that fosters resiliency and strength in my students. Proposition 1: Teachers are committed to students and their learning. Indicator 1b: Teachers treat students equitably and with dignity. They recognize the individual differences, andRead MoreMy Personal Reflection On My Life Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages Hearing the four word combo of â€Å"four page cultural autobiography† in class easily sent a shiver down my spine when it was announced. I sat there thinking to myself, â€Å"Okay†¦ I’m a 5’9,† sport loving, white guy that stayed at his home town college. I am just about as average as it comes, this paper will surely be the death of me.† However, after only a handful of classes I realized there’s a lot more to each and every individual that is worth sharing and learning about. What’s average on a personal

Casino Frank Rosenthal Essay - 1032 Words

The movie Casino produced by Martin Scorsese, is a movie based on the glories days of Frank Rosenthal (also known as lefty) who ran the Stardust, Fremont and the Hacienda casinos in Las Vegas in 1970s. In this movie, Robert De Niro plays the role of Sam Rothstein, a top gambler who is called by the mob to oversee the day-by-day operations of the Tangiers Casino in Las Vegas, and then we got Joe Pesci playing Nicky Santoro, based on the real-life, Anthony (Tony the Ant) Spilotro (Encyclopedia casino (film)). Joe Pesci, is a good friend of Sam that has been called by the Mob to protect him, and at last but not less, Sharon Stone playing Ginger Mckenna, Sam Rothsteins wife. The movie mainly talks about how the Mafia has†¦show more content†¦By giving him such a huge amount of money, he was told to buy several casinos; and this leaded him under the controlled by the Mob (Peleggi.N and Neumann.F). The main reason why they choose him was because he was legitimate, meaning he had a gaming license from that Gaming Commission, which for the mob, he was the perfect front man to covert up everything so that the skimming operation wouldnt be too suspicious . With that money he brought several casinos as told including the Stardust, and was given orders by the mob bosses (Peleggi.N and Neumann.F). As long as the Mob could control who owns the casino, they can control the count room, and begin their skimming operation. The skimming operation consists of polling out the money made day-by-day from the casino and shipping it directly to the Mob bosses back in the Midwest. Rosenthal at that time was in charged of the casinos but he didnt have anything to do directly with the skimming operation. His duty was to assure the Mob that their men in the count room were left alone and that it was filled with money. For years, Las Vegas has been a relatively quiet place. The big bosses were making so much money from the skimming operations that they managed to keep it that way, free of violence. No car bombed, no gun shooting were their policy, they certainly didnt want to have a law-enforcement or scaring away the tourists, so all the problems were settle out of Las Vegas, in theShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesJob Design and Teams 127 Summary 127 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 128 Key Terms 129 130 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 107 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 107 Case Application 4-A: Casino Has No Sense of Humor Regarding â€Å"Dilbert† Comic 107 Case Application 4-B: Off-the-Job Behaviors 107 Working with a Team: Dealing in Gray Areas 108 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Counseling Employees 108 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 109

Marketing homework word Free Essays

Western is a loyal customer of Egan for 63 years. It was the more important customer. But, these last few years, because of the financial crisis in the European Union, and here more precisely in the United Kingdom, Western company has only half of the normal activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing homework word or any similar topic only for you Order Now That decreasing amount of work implies financial issues, and Egan is loosing money when they work with Western. Before evaluations the relevance to continue business with Western, we must sake into account that a loyal customer is a relationship very hard to build in the business world, and It can take several years to find and to build a loyal relationship with a new customer. We have to split the responsibilities of the bad economic situation of the company between Westerly’s faults and environment’s faults. Taking a decision about an old loyal customer means to be sure that all the details of the strategies of the two companies have been understood. Egan Sons is not a company with a good economic situation in long term because its strategy has a robber because the administration of the society is too traditional. These problems were highlighted by the emergence of new competitors. If Egan wants to be shown like an interesting society in long terms benefits, they will have to adapt their strategy to all the recent changes. The external environment are also Important to consider If we want to have a precise idea of the responsibilities of this situation. Egan has to do something because several extern competitors threaten the society benefits. Indeed, Chinese impasses highlighted the lack of adaptability of the firm. Furthermore, the external environment in united Kingdom is really bleak and businesses are slowing or falling down. This environment can explain a part of the economic problems of Western, but that doesn’t excuse all of the bad issues of this company. The external environment, the financial crisis, the increasing of the competition, raise an other important obstacle for the future of the firm Egan without Western. Indeed, If this Important and loyal customer Is dropped, that will be really official to find a trustful and loyal supplier with a good financial situation. Egan will have to decrease Its production if they want to avoid that the costs become higher than the revenues. One or two months. The negotiations with Western must treat of the strategy of the firm. Tommy should explain clearly the situation of the relationship between the two companies and state that or Steve and Western radically change their strategy or they will no longer be a customer of Egan. Even if they change their strategy, decisions will make a long mime to have some effects. On the loyalty ladder, Western is on the top of the loyal customers. Egan has to change the type of customer of Western. Before, Western was a privileged customer with special benefits but with the current situation, it cannot continue anymore. Western must become a discount customer with less advantages in order to balance the losses and the benefits of the two companies. That will be a problem for Western because they have already financial problems and if they become Just a discount customer of one of their best appliers, their profitability will be really affected. The administration will have, after the change of strategy, to change the organization in order to create short term benefits. A reconstruction of the firm must be studied and an audit of all the suppliers and customers must be done so the costs will be minimized and the products standardized. It is highly recommended that Tommy waits to see the effects of all the different effects of the changes on long term, strategy, and on short term, organization, before to drop this customer. How to cite Marketing homework word, Essays

Learning Process for Metacognitive Skills -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Learning Process for Adaptive and Metacognitive Skills. Answer: Introduction During the course of the past twelve week learning period, I have been able to acquire a lot of information. Majority of new knowledge that was acquired was in the field of research. At the beginning of the semester, my learning goals included; to be more practical at learning in order to gain a conceptual understanding of information, to interact more with fellow students so as to see their points of view and be able to widen my perspectives. I also wanted to identify the best way of personal learning that would ensure that I understood concepts to the maximum. The final goal was to be able to develop my critical and creative thinking skills. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the learning experience The learning experience is very important for every person. This is because this process enables people to gain three different types of skills. These include the cognitive, adaptive, and metacognitive skills. The cognitive skills are the skills that people acquire from listening to what is being taught. One can also gain it by reading, and thinking about what one has read or heard. Thinking enables one to relate the information with what one had learnt previously. This cognitive component also enables one to memorize information and be able to solve different problems. Therefore, this is a component that enabled me to properly understand research methods because it aided me to receive the information that was provided and I was able to adequately process it. Conversely, the affective component of learning enabled me to be continually motivated in the process of learning. This motivation was both intrinsic and extrinsic. My intrinsic motivation assisted me in coping with different emotions as well as providing me with self-efficacy. My immediate environment also motivated me to learn; starting from my teachers to my fellow students, especially when we were in group discussions on research matters. Finally, the metacognitive component enabled me to process any information that I acquired. In learning, I realized that it was paramount that I identify my most favorable style of learning. One of my goals was to learn practically and I decided to be more hands on when performing all my learning activities. Incidentally, when working on the research, it was important for me to interact directly with people when collecting data using the questionnaires and interviews. This research experience was very valuable to me. This is because I was able to increase my self-confidence from talking to different people. Moreover, my academic performance improved considerably. This can be mostly attributed to the practical approach that I took in all my different learning activities. Application of the Learning Process The knowledge and insights gained form this learning process will come in handy in very many aspects of my life. First, when carrying out the research, I was able to overcome my shyness and interact with different people some who were complete strangers. Moreover, when analyzing data, I made use of different tools such as Ms. Excel, Ms. PowerPoint, SPSS, and Python. These skills will be important in different areas of my life in the future. Since I would like to be a business owner, the data analysis skills will be of great importance in analyzing consumer patterns to determine which products to sell. As a professional, interpersonal skills will be necessary as well as the presentation skills derived from the use of PowerPoint. The skills will also be important in my course as I carry out more research. In life, there is also a need to communicate and interact with other people and the interpersonal skills will come in handy in this sector. The learning process My learning process occurred in two main ways. It occurred in the classroom where the teacher taught different concepts and it also occurred when I was by myself trying to make sense of different concepts that I had not understood or reading further on different issues. In the classroom, the teacher expected the students to give their full attention. The lessons were also interactive where the teacher asked questions concerning a given issue such as research methodology and expected students to provide answers. Practical activities were also used in teaching where we were told for instance, to conduct analysis on a given set of primary or secondary data. Another tool that the teacher incorporated was the use of group discussions. Personally, I preferred studying the different concepts by myself after which I reflected on the information to make sure I had understood the different ideas. If I failed to understand any information, I went back and enquired from my fellow students or the teacher. Importance of Business Research to the Research Learning Process Conducting the business research proved to be very instrumental in the learning process. When writing the proposal and the literature review on the challenges brought about by cyber insecurity in businesses, I needed to think critically and creatively in order to come up with research questions and objectives that were relevant to the topic. I also needed to identify gaps that exist in research when writing the literature review. The process of data collection involved making use of both primary and secondary data. The data collected-both qualitative and quantitative-also needed to be analyzed using different tools. All these activities enabled me to learn a great deal on how to research. I also learnt other skills that have proved important in my life already. These include; networking and problem solving skills. During the entire learning process more skills that I learnt include being able to pay attention to a speaker for long time periods, being able to remember different things, proper communication skills, higher order thinking, and an ability to process information fast. All these skills are important in my day to day life and they will also assist me in my future career. I am very happy that I was able to achieve all the learning goals that I had set at the beginning of the semester. Conclusion Indeed, the learning process is very important and teachers should tailor it to meet the needs of all students to ensure maximum productivity. It also paramount that students know the learning style that suits them best to ensure that they are able to grasp concepts in the best way. Finally, students should also take advantage of research activities because they can help develop them in many different aspects of life.

An Explanation of Altruism in Primate Social Behavior essays

An Explanation of Altruism in Primate Social Behavior essays Altruism is one of the most mysterious social behaviors in the world. Altruism is defined as behavior that increases, on average, the reproductive fitness of others at the expense of the fitness of the altruist. Fitness simply means the expected number of offspring. When an organism gives up the advancement of its own fitness for the fitness advancement of another organism in the population, it seems somewhat illogical. However, from the articles Ive read, survival of the fittest and natural selection, in reference to an entire species or population, is often dependent on the altruistic actions of others in a population. Another concept learned from studying journals regarding altruism is that altruistic behavior is far more complex than normally thought. Altruism can be traced throughout the evolution of many species, especially primates. It has been a focal point in the research of many natural scientists, anthropologists and biologists alike. The four articles I chose to analyze and explain altruism in the realm of primate social behavior were A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism, Varieties of altruism - and the common ground between them, The pursuit of human nature in sociobiology and evolutionary sociology, and Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. These four journals each give a different perspective and different concepts on the behavior known as altruism. A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism was written by Herbert Simon and published in Science, a recognized academic journal. The journal takes a rational approach to analyzing and reasoning the reason for altruism in primate social behavior. It basically says that within the framework of Darwinism and natural selection, with its focus on fitness, it has been hard to account for altruism, behavior that reduces the fitness of the altruist but...

Things fall apart Essays

Things fall apart Essays Things fall apart Paper Things fall apart Paper Essay Topic: Things Fall apart Chinua Achebes masterpiece Things Fall Apart, published in 1959, was sold over two million times in the United States and over eight million times worldwide. Chinua Achebe is one of the great intellectual and ethical figures of our time, says Leon Botstein, President of the Bard College. (Back of the Book) Certainly, the novel shows ethnical issues among tribes, which were evoked at the time of colonialism. Umuofia, an Ibo tribe in Africa, which had its unique language, its dignified culture and a value system that had continued for many years as they trace back into their ancestry. Okonkwo, the protagonist of the novel, represents the uniqueness of the culture; its best and worst with his own rises and falls, which unfortunately ends with death. Things Fall Apart deals with the social and psychological conflicts that were created by the invasion of the white men and their own culture. Achebe particularly shows the destruction of the African tribes and the negative aspects that were arising, due to the imposition of the western cultures. The Ibo people had their own unique culture, in which they truly believed in. Every tribe in Africa had their own culture, their own beliefs and languages. The villages were never the same, for example Umuofia, the village of Okonkwo. Umuofias inhabitants believed in the chi, or personal god. It determined much of a persons destiny and character. When a man says yes his chi says yes also (page 27). But at the same time, one did not challenge his or her chi. The Ibo religion had a tendency to symbolize numerous gods. They had a god for every different natural phenomenon that occurred. They also valued greatness and courage. The main character Okonkwo, obsessed with greatness, was honoured by the tribe. He was a great wrestler and had gotten many titles at a young age, which reflected his power and his will to fight. Weak people were not welcomed. They were mostly the kind of people that were called efulefu, worthless, empty men. (p. 143) The tribe hold tight to these beliefs and every man therefore tried to reach greatness, by getting titles. Among the Ibo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten (p. 7). They also had the ilo, the place where all important ceremonies are held. This tribe was unique. It was pure, since no foreigner lived there. Most of them did not even see a white man. At the time when the Westerners came to Umuofia, they knew that changes are going to occur, but were not aware of the danger. Showing both kindness and strong belief in their own religion, the missionaries succeeded in converting the Africans little by little into Christianity. They managed to change the perspectives of the natives and moved them slowly away from their original religion and beliefs. Even though the natives knew that this change is not to be denied, they did not really take any action against it, since they did not realize the dangerous situation for them and their culture. The elders consulted their Oracle and it told them that the strange men would break their clan and spread destruction among them. (p. 138) Okonkwo was the only one who was aware of the danger that the interaction would bring with it. First, when his own tribe particularly was not affected by the whites he said, They were fools; they had been warned that danger was ahead. They should have armed themselves with their guns and their machetes even when they went to market. (p. 140) But this is exactly the tragedy that Okonkwo had to face with his own tribe. They knew what was going on but they did too little to resist against it. The missionaries had come to Umuofia. They had built there church there, won a handful of converts and were already sending evangelists to the surrounding towns and villages. That was a source of great sorrow to the leaders of the clan; but many of them believed that the strange faith and white mans god would not last. (p. 143) When the people of Umuofia started to realize the whole situation, destruction had already come. In a tribal society, the most important thing is the unity of the members, the absolute obedience to the ruling of the elders and the gods and the goddess. This is lost when some of them get attracted to missionaries who arrive and teach them the western way of life, like the twins and the son of Okonkwo, Nwoye. Nwoye did not fully understand. But he was happy to leave his father (Page 152). Many people got converted into Christianity, since their African culture was really strict and rules were to follow precisely. If you do not follow the rules, or if you are something or someone that is said to be osu, the outcast, or said to be damned by the gods and goddess of the tribe, you had no rights and were excluded of the village. For example, twins were not allowed in the Umuofian culture. Unfortunately, these lead to an increasing openness to the western thoughts and religion and eventually allowed the Europeans to exploit and make the Africans weak. When Okonkwo was sent to exile, he heard about all this, but he did not think it will truly happen. It was only after his return, when he realized that everything had changed. People did not truly believe in their culture anymore and it was not like what he wanted it to be. The Westerners had destroyed everything that was valuable for him. But he wanted to fight against them. He was not willing to give up. I shall fight alone if I choose (Page 201). He symbolizes the tribe, because as he rises and falls, the village has its ups and downs, too. At the end it is a tragedy that he commits suicide, but he dies in a martyr death. He kills himself, because he sees the deterioration of his village, and he sees that no one reacts to it; therefore he wants the people to realize the danger and wants them not to give their unique culture. He would rather die in disgrace than seeing his culture fall apart. And that is what happens at the end. His tribe realized too late that their culture had been torn apart by the Westerners. The novel shows the destruction of an African tribe due to the imposition of the Western people. It shows how bad it can be to convert people to another culture, forcing them to leave their own behind. It destroys their uniqueness and all their beliefs. They do not know what is right and what is wrong anymore, since foreign people with foreign believes tell them what to do. The ones that impose do not understand about the values of the native culture and what they mean to the people. Looking at Okonkwo, it is a tragic story that should open our eyes and make us start realizing that no one should try to force another culture or an individual to change their beliefs and. Because everyone has their own beliefs and own culture that they follow and that they appreciate. As a result, we shall not break the peace and we shall not do something that will harm others, which will eventually lead to violence and destruction of ones culture.

Philosophy in law final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy in law final - Research Paper Example Some of the topics that these black philosophers are currently teaching and writing include law, physics, philosophy of language, ethics, logic, epistemology, history of philosophy, philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy, philosophy of science, and many more others. Quite a large number of African-American academically trained philosophers are engaged in publishing scholarly articles as well as academic books that contain topics that are directly related to either race or other aspects concerning the experiences of African-American people. Indeed, a majority of African-American philosophers have found themselves concentrating on â€Å"social analysis† that revolves around the concept of â€Å"the hard and brutal facts of the case,† as observed by Martin Luther King (Papish, 2015). Though there is a myriad of literature reviews showing various philosophers and how their works have shaped the concept of law, there is little of such literature reviews touching on African-American philosophers. Therefore, this research paper will seek to show how the works of African-American philosophers have shaped or influenced the concept of law. The main source of data used for this research was secondary sources that mainly comprised of books and journals. This method was appropriate since it is relatively cheap as considered to primary sources such as interviews and administration of questionnaires. Additionally, the information obtained is relatively accurate because information stored in a book is not subject to change or distortion over a period of time (Kerr, 2014). Furthermore there are various different books and journals that talk about African-American philosophers hence provided enough amount of material for comparison. The data obtained was mainly analyzed through comparison of the ideas that each author presented in the journal or book. This was

Discussion Board 1-2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Board 1-2 - Research Paper Example h a 2005 estimate showing more than 32 million Americans suffer addiction disorders (excluding tobacco addiction), more studies have become necessary (James & Gilliland, 2005). Over the years, public policies, especially those regarding alcoholic beverages established that the problem with alcohol use lies in the abuser and not the beverage. Although this stand shaped policies that either legalized or illegalized certain beverages, it also called for specialized ways to explain the etiology of addiction. However, none addressed the entire field of addiction comprehensively, neither were they dismissed as being incorrect. Therefore, experts in the field had to come up with more than one etiology, which served the mutual role of complementing each other. To that end, they came up with etiologies that attempted to explain addiction from various perspectives including moral, socio-cultural, psychological, disease and family. The most significant reason for having more than one etiology is for a wider and better understanding of addiction in an attempt to make plans in diagnosis and treatment as effective as possible. The scope of addiction itself is too wide f or a single etiology, with each aspect calling for its own kind of

History Of Weibull Distribution

History Of Weibull Distribution In probability theory and statistics, the Weibull distribution is one of the most important continuous probability distributions. It was, first introduced by W. Weibull in 1939 when he was studying the issue of structural strength and life data analysis, and was formally named after him later in 1951. He proposed the chain model to explain the structural strength. Based on the assumption that a structure is composed of several small components (n pieces) in series, we could consider the structure as being composed of an n-rings chain, the strength of which (or life) completely depends on the weakest rings strength (or life). In his model, with the assumption that the strength of different rings are independent and identically distributed, finding the strength distribution of the chain become the problem of finding the distribution of the weakest ring. Due to the result of research conducted by Gnedenko (1943), no matter what the original distribution of the variable is, the asymptotic distribution of the minimum could only be three different forms. The Weibull distribution is one of them. Since Weibull distribution is established on the weakest link model, which could sufficiently reflect the defect of material and the effects of stress concentration, it has been considered as appropriate model to describe strength of fiber material in practical application. 1.2 Stress-Strength Analysis Stress-Strength Analysis is the analysis of the survival of materials subjected to a random stress. Stress-Strength Analysis is a commonly used tool in reliability engineering. The stress-strength reliability is given by Where is the pdf of the strength distribution and is the cumulative distribution function of the stress distribution. In this case, the data for the strength set would be actual data that is indicative of the strength of the material (i.e. maximum applied stress to cause failure), and the stress data would be actual stress data of the material under use conditions. 1.3 Research Motivation Target Judging from physical of carbon fibers, microscopic flaws cause tensile failure to occur below the intrinsic strength of the fiber. Therefore, analysis of tensile failure data should provide insight into the distribution of flaws within fiber. The fiber might be viewed as a chain of interlocking links, with the flaws acting as weak links in the chain. As the same model mentioned previously, the chain will fail at its weakest link. Usually tensile data do not confirm to rigid statistical distributions. Therefore, they cannot be represented by the specific fixed statistical distribution accurately. Instead, it is necessary to use a flexible distribution that enables the shape of the distribution function to be altered by the data itself. Under this situation, the Weibull distribution is one the natural choice.[] Although based on the theoretical model, Weibull distribution should be an appropriate description strength distribution for carbon fibers. However, judging from empirical data, it always suggests that the Weibull distribution is not an appropriate model for carbon fibers. One plausible problem is validity of independency assumption in the chain of links model. In that model, we assume a physical system is consisted of n identical units or items connected in series and each unit should be independently and identically distributed. However, in practice, this strict assumption cannot be guaranteed, which will cause the discrepancy of between real strength and Weibull distribution. For example, if there is a defect hole on n-th link, this defect hole will probably expend to adjacent link(n-1-th and n+1-th). That causes the problem of dependency. Another popular plausible explanation is clamp effects which is analysed in detail by Phoenix and Sexsmith[]. In building upon this work, Stoner[] developed new end-effect Weibull model, in which distinct Weibull distributions were used to characterize failures from true flaws and from artifacts in carbon fibers. Although, to some extent, the end-effect Weibull model accurately descripts the data upon which it was based, it provokes our interests in pre-stress issue applied on carbon fiber before it got tested. Because in practice, such as in the strength test, fiber always suffer stress before they can be tested. For example, in the popular experiment proposed by Bader Pries[], there is no guaranty that single fiber could be distinguished without any slight press of damage. Thus, in that experiment, they stress the fibers before they get tested, which will cause the strength test result representing all fibers performance survived from pre-stress. This question arise our interest in study of pre-stress Weibull distribution. In the problem we will discuss in this thesis, we assume that original strength of fiber is Weibull distributed. Therefore, if there is no pre-stress applied on fiber material, the final strength will be also Weibull distributed without any changes from origins. However, judging from common sense, pre-stress could not be avoided exclusively before the strength test. They usually could occur in shipping procedure, and pre-test preparation procedure. Our goal is to find out under what conditions these pre-stressed fiber have a (approximately) Weibull distribution. In the second chapter, the results of survival fiber strength distribution under multi-type pre-stressed condition have been given out. At same time, a minimum censoring proportion has been set up to assure the pre-stress has a significant effect on original fiber material. In the third chapter, MSE is used to measure the fitness of the pre-stressed censored sample and nearest Weibull distribution. Moreover, we discuss the goodness of fit test applied to the pre-stressed censored sample and Weibull distribution with parameters value equal to MLEs from censored sample, which is considered as nearest Weibull distribution based on the censored sample. In the fourth chapter, the simulation results of two methods proposed in the third chapter have been discussed and analyzed. Finally, we will give out a conclusion about survival distribution of pre-stress Weibull distribution. Chapter 2 Weibull Family and Pre-Stressed Censored Sample 2.1 Basic Properties of Weibull Distribution The probability density function of a Weibull random variable is The parameter is the shape parameter, is the scale parameter, and is the location parameter of the distribution. When , this reduces to the usual two-parameter Weibull distribution. The Weibull distribution is related to many other probability distributions; in particular, it interpolates between the exponential distribution () and the Rayleigh distribution (). The CDF The cumulative distribution function for the two parameter Weibull distribution is for , and for . The failure rate (or hazard rate) is given by: The Mean The mean, , of Weibull pdf is given by: Where is the gamma function evaluated at the value of . The Median The median, , is given by: The Mode The mode, , is given by: The Standard Deviation The standard deviation, is given by: Applications The Weibull distribution has multiple applications in practical world. Survival analysis Reliability engineering Weather forecasting General insurance 2.2 Censored Weibull Sample Because our primary interest is to study strength distribution of fiber material after pre-stressed, we need to generate various censored Weibull sample which is applied multi-type pre-stress. Given and are independent random variables where represent original strength of material and pre-strength individually. So the problem of our interest is what distribution does variable have? To state the problem more clearly, we assume the original strength of material always yield to Weibull distribution family. And the pre-stress yield to three different distribution families which are Weibull, Normal and Gamma. Based on different parameter choice, we will try to find out what values of the parameters give us that survival strength yield to or approximately yield to Weibull distribution. Mentioned in Chapter 1, we assume is weibull distributed with different shape and scale parameter. In this paper, we will from (pre-stress variable) from three different distribution: Weibull distribution, Gamma distribution, and Normal distribution. Also as similar as original strength set, in each distribution option, different parameters are chosen to generate various censored Weibull sample. Meanwhile, since trivial results are not what we expected, a certain censoring ratio has been set up to guarantee there is a significant effect of pre-stress applied on original fiber carbon material. Serving to this purpose, samples with censoring proportion is 0.5 or greater than 0.5 will be kept, which is considered as plausible limit of censoring ratio. Chapter 3 Mean Squared Error and Goodness of Fit Test The Mean Squared Error (MSE) is a measure of how close fitted curve is to data points. For every data point, the vertical distance from the point to the corresponding value on the fitted curve (the error) will be taken, and the value will be squared. Then those squared values have been added up for all data points, and been divided by the number of points, which is considered as a mean. Since all errors have been switched into positive values on matter what original sign they have, negative values do not cancel positive values. The smaller the Mean Squared Error, the closer the fit curve is to the data points. MSE has been widely used for quantitative performance metric in the field of statistical regression and engineering, such as signal processing. 3.1 Comparison of MSE of Censored Weibull Sample Based on the censored Weibull Sample we got, we will calculate out MLE of parameters for Weibull distribution, noted as and , which is considered as nearest Weibull distribution to censored weibull sample. Since our objective is to measure fitness of censored Weibull sample and nearest Weibull distribution, MSE between of censored Weibull sample and Weibull distribution with parameters and . We establish the MSE as following way: Where are censored Weibull sample which is sorted as . is empirical CDF at sample point . is defined as sample size. And is CDF of Weibull distribution with parameter , which is MLEs got based on censored Weibull sample. In addition, a baseline of MSE comparison is established by calculating MSE between the sample of size from Weibull() and Weibull() distribution. Where consist the sample of size from Weibull(), which is sorted as ascending order: . is empirical CDF at sample point . And is CDF of Weibull distribution with parameter . 3.2 Comparison via Simulation Result We conducted a large-scale simulation study to compare of the performance of difference between base MSE and sample MSE depends on different censoring stress distribution and parameter chosen. For example, let original strength distribution yields to Weibull(1,1), and censoring stress distribution is Gamma distribution with parameter value chosen from the range 0.25 to 2.5, then we will focus on the performance of fitness of cersored sample to Weibull distribution from various aspects such as censoring proportion, shape parameter value of censoring distribution and scale parameter value of censoring distribution. From above figure, we could not hardly see that the MSE increases with increasing of cersoring proportion, which could be simply interpreted as survival data will go off the original strength distribution when considerable proportion of original strength failed the pre-stress test. Meanwhile, the base MSE keeps relatively stable, since it will not be affected by different pre-stress distribution. Therefore, it is obvious to tell that difference between MSE and base MSE is raised up when the censoring proportion increases, which indicates fitness will go worse at same time. The series of comparison MSE chart are arranged by the ascending order of value of Shape Parameter of Gamma Distribution. If we focus on the changing trend of Average Difference between Sample MSE and Base MSE, we could easily figure out that the Average Difference decreases as long as value of shape parameter become smaller and smaller. This shows that fitness of sample is improved by using smaller shape parameter of pre-stress Gamma distribution. On the other side, if we focus on each individual chart, it is not too hard to find that when the value of Scale increases, difference between Sample MSE and Baseline decreases, which indicates fitness is improved by larger scale parameter chosen. This phenomenon could be interpreted as larger scale brings in less spread compared with smaller ones create absolute peak in pdf, which breaks the continuity of censored sample. Above figure is overall behavior of MSE based on different choice of shape and scale parameter of pre-stress gamma distribution. To summary up, In general MSE boosts up where is smaller scale value and larger shape values. Fitness performance indicates censored sample is still Weibull (or approximately Weibull) distributed when shape and scale parameter choice close to minimum and maximum individually. Chapter 4 Fit Study Based on Weibull Goodness-of-Fit Tests In order to study whether the censored weibull distribution data yields to a weibull distribution, we first generate different censored weibull samples based on different censoring function. Then we use the weibull distribution with parameters value equal to MLE of censored sample as hypothesis. Three Goodness-of-Fit Tests are manipulated to censored weibull samples. We check whether simulation results shows censored weibull sample still yields to a weibull distribution. Goodness-of-fit tests Goodness-of-fit tests for the two-parameter Weibull distributions have drawn considerable attention since its critical importance. Mann and others (1973), Smith and Bain (1976), Stephens (1977), Littell and others (1979), Chandra and others (1981), Tiku and Singh (1981), Wozniak and Warren (1984), and James and others (1989) have gave out universal discussion of this problem. Mann and others (1973) and Tiku and Singh (1981) proposed new statistics to test the goodness-of-fit of two-parameter Weibull distribution. ), Smith and Bain (1976) proposed a test statistic to test normality which is analogous to the Shapiro-Francis statistic. The Smith and Bain statistic was derived from the sample correlation between the order statistics of a sample and the expected value of the order statistics under the assumption that the sample comes from a two-parameter Weibull distribution. They provided critical values for samples containing 8, 20, 40, 60, 80 observations. Stephens (1977) provided tabl es of the asymptotic critical values of the Anderson-Darling statistic and the Cramer-von Mises statistic for various significance levels. Littell and others (1979) made a comparison among the Mann, Scheuer, and Fertig statistic, the Smith and Bain statistic, the modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic, the modified Anderson-Darling statistic, and the modified Cramer-von Mises statistics through a various of power studies for sample size n = 10 to 40. Critical values for the , , and statistics for n = 10 to 40 have been calculated and provided at the same time. Chandra and others (1981) calculated critical values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic for n = 10, 20, 50 and infinity for three situations. James and others produced extensive tables of goodness-of-fit critical values for the two parameter Weibull distributions developed through simulation for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic, the Anderson-Darling statistic, and Shapiro-Wilk-type correlation statistics. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (Chakravart, Laha, and Roy, 1967) is widely used for comparing a sample with a reference probability distribution (one-sample K-S test), or for comparing two samples (two-sample K-S test). Since it is highly sensitive to distinguish the difference of the empirical cumulative distribution functions of the tested samples, it has been considered as one of the most useful nonparametric methods for comparing two samples. Kolomogorov-Smirnov test is based on the distance between the empirical distribution function of the sample and the cumulative distribution function of the reference distribution, or between the two samples empirical distribution functions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has been modified to serve as a goodness of fit test here. The modified Komogorov-Smirnov D statistic is given by where is the empirical distribution function of the sample and is the fitted distribution. Anderson-Darling statistic Anderson-Darling test (Stephens, 1974) is used to test whether the data follow a particular distribution. It is named after Theodore Wilbur Anderson and Donald A. Darling who proposed it in 1952. Anderson-Darling test is based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and enjoys superior property of more sensitive due to specific distribution application in calculating critical values. Contrarily, its disadvantage is that critical values must be calculated for each distribution. Anderson-Darling test has been modified to serve as a goodness of fit test here. The modified Anderson-Darling statistic is given by Where and is the th-order statistic. Shapiro-Wilk-Type correlation statistics In statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk test is used as the tester of goodness-of-fit test of normal distribution. It has the superior power compared with other statistics in detecting the data comes from a relatively wide range of other distributions for testing goodness-of-fit of normal distributions which has been proposed from Monte-Carlo study of Shapiro and others (1968). Shapiro-Wilk test has been modified to serve as a goodness of fit test here. The statistic first proposed by Shapiro and Francia (1972) but with approximate scores suggested by Filliben (1975) and modified form fitting for good-of-fit test for Weibull distributions is given by: And Is the median score, in the spirit of Filliben, except that these scores depend upon the maximum likelihood estimate the Weibull shape parameter . If a variable has the two-parameter Weibull distribution, the variable has an extreme value distribution. Calculating goodness-of-fit on this scale has advantages. Since the extreme value distributions are defined by location and scale parameters, the critical values for the correlation statistic are not dependent on the true shape parameter. Thus, for two-parameter Weibull distribution, we propose the correlation-type statistic , where And Simulation Result

The Malaysian Accounting Standards Board Accounting Essay

MFRS 101-Presentation of Financial Statements prescribes the footing for presentation of general purpose fiscal statements to guarantee comparison both with the entity ‘s fiscal statements of old periods and with the fiscal statements of other entities. It sets out overall demands for the presentation of fiscal statements, guidelines for their construction and minimal demands for their content.Purpose of fiscal statementsFiscal statements are a structured representation of the fiscal place and fiscal public presentation of an entity. The aim of fiscal statements is to supply information about the fiscal place, fiscal public presentation and hard currency flows of an entity that is utile to a broad scope of users in doing economic determinations. Fiscal statements besides show the consequences of the direction ‘s stewardship of the resources entrusted to it. A complete set of fiscal statements comprises: ( a ) a statement of fiscal place as at the terminal of the period ( B ) a statement of comprehensive income for the period ( degree Celsius ) a statement of alterations in equity for the period ( vitamin D ) a statement of hard currency flows for the period ( vitamin E ) notes, consisting a sum-up of important accounting policies and other explanatory information ( degree Fahrenheit ) a statement of fiscal place as at the beginning of the predating period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of points in its fiscal statements, or when it reclassifies points in its fiscal statements. An entity may utilize rubrics for the statements other than those used in this Standard. For illustration, an entity may utilize the rubric ‘statement of comprehensive income ‘ alternatively of ‘statement of net income or loss and other comprehensive income ‘ . Statement of fiscal place Information to be presented in the statement of fiscal place. As a lower limit, the statement of fiscal place shall include line points that present the undermentioned sums: ( a ) belongings, works and equipment ; ( B ) investing belongings ; ( degree Celsius ) intangible assets ; ( vitamin D ) fiscal assets ( excepting sums shown under ( vitamin E ) , ( H ) and ( I ) ) ; ( vitamin E ) investings accounted for utilizing the equity method ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) biological assets ; ( g ) stock lists ; ( H ) trade and other receivables ; ( I ) hard currency and hard currency equivalents ; ( J ) the sum of assets classified as held for sale and assets included in disposal groups classified as held for sale in conformity with MFRS 5 Non-current Assetss Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations ; ( K ) trade and other payables ; ( cubic decimeter ) commissariats ; ( m ) fiscal liabilities ( excepting sums shown under ( K ) and ( cubic decimeter ) ) ; ( N ) liabilities and assets for current revenue enhancement, as defined in MFRS 112 Income Taxes ; ( O ) deferred revenue enhancement liabilities and deferred revenue enhancement assets, as defined in MFRS 112 ; ( P ) liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale in conformity with MFRS 5 ; ( Q ) non-controlling involvements, presented within equity ; and ( R ) issued capital and militias attributable to proprietors of the parent An entity shall clearly place each fiscal statement and the notes. In add-on, an entity shall expose the undermentioned information conspicuously, and repetition it when necessary for the information presented to be apprehensible: ( a ) the name of the coverage entity or other agencies of designation, and any alteration in that information from the terminal of the predating coverage period ; ( B ) whether the fiscal statements are of an single entity or a group of entities ; ( degree Celsius ) the day of the month of the terminal of the coverage period or the period covered by the set of fiscal statements or notes ; ( vitamin D ) the presentation currency, as defined in MFRS 121 ; and ( vitamin E ) the degree of rounding used in showing sums in the fiscal statement.Current/non-current differentiationAn entity shall show current and non-current assets, and current and non-current liabilities, as separate categorizations in its statement of fiscal place in conformity with except when a presentation based on liquidness provides information that is dependable and more relevant. When that exclusion applies, an entity shall show all assets and liabilities in order of liquidness.Current assetsAn entity shall sort an plus as current when: ( a ) it expects to gain the plus, or intends to sell or devour it, in its normal operating rhythm. ( B ) it holds the plus chiefly for the intent of trading. ( degree Celsius ) it expects to gain the plus within 12 months after the coverage period. ( vitamin D ) the plus is hard currency or a hard currency equivalent ( as defined in MFRS 107 ) unless the plus is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least 12 months after the coverage period. An entity shall sort all other assets as non-current.Current liabilitiesAn entity shall sort a liability as current when: ( a ) it expects to settle the liability in its normal operating rhythm ; MFRS 101 ( B ) it holds the liability chiefly for the intent of trading ; ( degree Celsius ) the liability is due to be settled within 12s months after the coverage period ; or ( vitamin D ) it does non hold an unconditioned right to postpone colony of the liability for at least years after the coverage. Footings of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, consequence in its colony by the issue of equity instruments do non impact its categorization. An entity shall sort all other liabilities as non-current,Statement of alterations in equityInformation to be presented in the statement of alterations in equity. An entity shall show a statement of alterations in equity. The statement of alterations in equity includes the undermentioned information demoing in the statement: ( a ) entire comprehensive income for the period, demoing individually the entire sums attributable to proprietors of the parent and to non-controlling involvements ; ( B ) for each constituent of equity, the effects of retrospective application or retrospective restatement recognised in conformity with MFRS 108 ; ( vitamin D ) for each constituent of equity, a rapprochement between the transporting sum at the beginning and the terminal of the period, individually unwraping alterations ensuing from: ( I ) net income or loss ; ( two ) each point of other comprehensive income ; and ( three ) minutess with proprietors in their capacity as proprietors, demoing separately parts by and distributions to proprietors and alterations in ownership involvements in subordinates that do non ensue in a loss of control. Information to be presented in the statement of alterations in equity or in the notes. For each constituent of equity an entity shall show, either in the statement of alterations in equity or in the notes, an analysis of other comprehensive income by point. An entity shall show, either in the statement of alterations in equity or in the notes, the sum of dividends recognised as distributions to proprietors during the period, and the related sum of dividends per portion.

Explain why it is both necessary and helpful to study the context of prior history Essay

Explain why it is both necessary and helpful to study the context of prior history, especially the experiences of participants in that history, in order to understand what is valued by these participants. Also, what resources will be most helpful to you as a student of history? Introduction: It has long been said that, â€Å"if we don’t know where we are coming from we will not know where we are going†. In other words knowledge of prior history allows us to avoid making past mistakes and serve as a guide to the future. In addition a well-rounded understanding of history can help us to make more informed present and future decisions. â€Å"History requires us to think outside of our own experiences in time and place, fostering empathetic thinking, appreciation of diversity, and understanding of the relationship between context and judgment† (The National History Center, 2013). Valuable and beneficial sources of history include Primary and Secondary sources. Primary sources as it relates to history are the â€Å"raw materials† gathered from the same time period of the topic/event, which forms the foundation of historical research and writing. Secondary sources are gathered from primary resources and have been analyzed then presented in the form of books or articles by historians. History can be thought of as never changing; but history, like memories actually is always changing. Though the dates and statistics may not change, how they are interpreted can vary. For example, historians are always at work re-evaluating the past, asking new questions, examining new sources and finding new meanings in old documents to highlight the perspective of new knowledge and experience for a better understanding of the past (McNeill, 2013). Knowledge of prior history allows for a better understanding of the â€Å"who, what, were, and when† at that particular time in history. We do not always learn from the mistakes that history has shown us; as observed in recent events with the war on terror where, the United states seem to have repeated  the same mistakes in Iraq as were made in Afghanistan. One can argue that if knowledge of the past has been collected and learned over the centuries, then poverty, injustice, immorality and war should not exist. For this reason it is important to recognize that knowledge of the past does not assure avoidance of its failures and mistakes, however understanding the past and its patterns improves one’s ability to analyze the present and make better predictions of future outcomes. As a student engaging in the study of history valuable sources as mentioned in the introduction are Primary sources which include personal diaries, journals, letters or videos from witnesses of the event. Secondary sources can be considered as arguments/interpretation of a primary source and include library databases, textbooks, journal articles and news articles. Conclusion It is both necessary and helpful to study the context of prior history as it creates a view of other people’s feelings and opinions, allowing people to place situations in an appropriate context in the present. Secondary sources of history are valuable. However to best understand the context of history and the values of the participants, nothing is as valuable as a primary resource which include the personal accounts of people having experienced the event. References: The National History Center. (2013). The history major and liberal education. Association of American Colleges and Universities, 95(2), Retrieved from http://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/le-sp09/le-sp09_history.cfm McNeill, W. (2013). Why study history?. Retrieved from http://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/archives/why-study-history-(1985

Where Is Home For You Essay - 1869 Words

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